E-China, yayibizwa ngokuthi "qi," uphawu lwezempilo. EGibhithe lalibizwa ngokuthi “ankh,” uphawu lokuphila okuphakade. KwabaseFenike, le nkomba yayifana no-Aphrodite—unkulunkulukazi wothando nobuhle.
Lezi zimpucuko zasendulo zazibhekise ethusi, into amasiko emhlabeni wonke ayibone njengebalulekile empilweni yethu iminyaka engaphezu kuka-5,000. Lapho imikhuhlane, amagciwane afana ne-E. coli, ama-superbugs afana ne-MRSA, noma ama-coronavirus ehlala ezindaweni eziqinile, angaphila izinsuku ezingafika kwezine kuya kweziyisihlanu. Kodwa lapho zehlela phezu kwethusi, nezingxube zethusi njengethusi, ziqala ukufa phakathi nemizuzu embalwa futhi zingabonakali emahoreni ambalwa.
“Siwabonile amagciwane ehlakazeka,” kusho uBill Keevil, uprofesa wezokunakekelwa kwemvelo e-University of Southampton. Zehlela phezu kwethusi futhi limane lizehlise isithunzi.” Akumangalisi ukuthi eNdiya, abantu sebeneminyaka eyinkulungwane bephuza izinkomishi zethusi. Ngisho nalapha e-United States, umugqa wethusi uletha amanzi akho okuphuza. Ithusi liyinto engokwemvelo, engenzi lutho, elwa namagciwane. Iyakwazi ukuzibulala ngokwayo ngaphandle kwesidingo sikagesi noma i-bleach.
I-Copper yakhula ngesikhathi seNguquko Yezimboni njengento yezinto, izinto ezilungiswayo kanye nezakhiwo. I-Copper isasetshenziswa kabanzi kumanethiwekhi kagesi-imakethe yethusi, empeleni, iyakhula ngoba impahla ingumqhubi ophumelelayo. Kepha izinto ezisetshenziswayo zikhishwe ezinhlelweni eziningi zokwakha yigagasi lezinto ezintsha zekhulu lama-20. Ipulasitiki, ingilazi epholile, i-aluminium, nensimbi engagqwali yizinto zesimanjemanje—ezisetshenziselwa yonke into kusukela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ukuya emikhiqizweni yakwa-Apple. Amaknobho eminyango yethusi nama-handrails aphume esitayeleni njengoba abaklami bezakhiwo nabaklami bekhethe izinto ezibukeka kahle (futhi ngokuvamile ezishibhile).
Manje u-Keevil ukholelwa ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokubuyisela ithusi ezindaweni zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ezibhedlela. Lapho sibhekene nekusasa elingenakugwenywa eligcwele izifo eziwubhadane zomhlaba wonke, kufanele ngabe sisebenzisa ithusi ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, kwezokuthutha zomphakathi, ngisho nasezindlini zethu. Futhi nakuba sekwephuzile kakhulu ukumisa i-COVID-19, akukasensuku zatshwala ukuthi sicabange ngobhubhane lwethu olulandelayo. Izinzuzo zethusi, zibaliwe
Bekufanele sikubone kuza, futhi empeleni, kukhona owakubona.
Ngo-1983, umcwaningi wezokwelapha uPhyllis J. Kuhn wabhala ukugxeka kokuqala kokunyamalala kwethusi ayekubone ezibhedlela. Ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa mayelana nenhlanzeko eHamot Medical Centre ePittsburgh, abafundi baswake izindawo ezahlukene ezizungeze isibhedlela, okuhlanganisa izitsha zezindlu zangasese nezibankwa zeminyango. Ubone ukuthi izindlu zangasese zazihlanzekile kumagciwane, kanti ezinye zezakhiwo zazingcole kakhulu futhi zikhulisa amagciwane ayingozi lapho evunyelwa ukwanda kumapuleti e-agar.
“Izibambo zensimbi ezingenasici ezicwebezelayo nezicwebezelayo zibukeka zihlanzekile ngendlela eqinisekisayo emnyango wesibhedlela. Ngokuphambene, izibankwa zeminyango namapuleti ethusi elonakele abukeka engcolile futhi engcolisa,” kubhala yena ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa ngisho nalapho seninakele, ithusi—ingxubevange ngokuvamile engu-67% yethusi ne-zinc engu-33%—[ibulala amagciwane], kuyilapho insimbi engagqwali—cishe i-iron engu-88% ne-chromium engu-12%—ayivimbeli ukukhula kwamagciwane.”
Ekugcineni, wasonga iphepha lakhe ngesiphetho esilula ngokwanele ukuze lonke uhlelo lwezempilo lulandele. “Uma isibhedlela sakho silungiswa, zama ukugcina i-hardware endala noma uyiphindaphinde; uma une-hardware yensimbi engagqwali, qiniseka ukuthi ibulawa amagciwane nsuku zonke, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezidinga usizo olubucayi.”
Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, futhi kuyavunywa ngoxhaso lwe-Copper Development Association (iqembu labahwebi bemboni yethusi), u-Keevil useqhubekisele phambili ucwaningo lukaKuhn. Esebenza elebhu yakhe namanye amagciwane asatshwa kakhulu emhlabeni, uye wabonisa ukuthi akukhona nje ukuthi ithusi libulala amagciwane ngendlela efanele; iphinde ibulale amagciwane.
Emsebenzini ka-Keevil, ugcobhoza ipuleti lethusi otshwaleni ukuze alibulale amagciwane. Ube eseyicwilisa ku-acetone ukuze akhiphe noma imaphi amafutha angaphandle. Bese ewisa kancane i-pathogen phezulu. Ngesikhashana nje komile. Isampula lihlala noma yikuphi ukusuka emaminithini ambalwa kuya ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Bese eyinyakazisa ebhokisini eligcwele ubuhlalu bengilazi kanye noketshezi. Ubuhlalu bukhuhla amabhaktheriya namagciwane oketshezini, futhi uketshezi lungathathwa njengesampula ukuze kubonakale ukuba khona kwawo. Kwezinye izimo, uye wasungula izindlela ze-microscopy ezimvumela ukuthi abukele-futhi aqophe-i-pathogen ebhujiswa ngethusi lapho ifika phezulu.
Uthi umphumela ubukeka njengomlingo, kodwa okwamanje, izenzakalo ezidlalwayo isayensi eqondwa kahle. Uma igciwane noma amagciwane ehlasela ipuleti, ligcwala ama-ion ethusi. Lawo ma-ion angena kumaseli namagciwane njengezinhlamvu. Ithusi aligcini nje ngokubulala lamagciwane; kuyawabhubhisa, kuze kufike kuma-nucleic acid, noma amapulani okuzala, ngaphakathi.
“Awekho amathuba okuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo [noma ukuziphendukela kwemvelo] ngoba zonke izakhi zofuzo ziyabhujiswa,” kusho uKeevil. Leyo ngenye yezinzuzo zangempela zethusi. Ngamanye amazwi, ukusebenzisa ithusi akuzi nengozi, yithi, ukunikeza ama-antibiotics ngokweqile. Kungumqondo omuhle nje.
Ekuhlolweni komhlaba wangempela, ithusi lifakazela ukubaluleka kwayo Ngaphandle kwelebhu, abanye abacwaningi balandelele ukuthi ingabe ithusi liyawenza umehluko uma lisetshenziswa ezimweni zempilo zangempela-okuhlanganisa izinqamu zeminyango yasesibhedlela ngokuqinisekile, kodwa nezindawo ezinjengemibhede yasesibhedlela, izivakashi- izihlalo ze-armrests, kanye ne-IV stands.Ngo-2015, abacwaningi abasebenza ngesibonelelo soMnyango Wezokuvikela baqhathanisa amazinga okutheleleka ezibhedlela ezintathu, futhi bathola ukuthi lapho kusetshenziswa ingxube yethusi kwezintathu. ezibhedlela, kwehlise izinga lokutheleleka ngama-58%. Ucwaningo olufanayo lwenziwa ngo-2016 ngaphakathi egunjini labagula kakhulu, elaveza ukwehliswa ngendlela efanayo kwezinga lokutheleleka.
Kodwa kuthiwani ngezindleko? Ithusi lihlala libiza kakhulu kunepulasitiki noma i-aluminiyamu, futhi ngokuvamile liyindlela ebiza kakhulu kunensimbi. Kodwa uma kubhekwa ukuthi izifo ezitholakala esibhedlela zibiza uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo imali efinyelela kumaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-45 ngonyaka—ingasaphathwa eyokubulala abantu abangaba ngu-90,000—izindleko zokuthuthukisa ithusi azinakwa uma kuqhathaniswa.
U-Keevil, ongasayitholi imali embonini yethusi, ukholelwa ukuthi umthwalo wemfanelo uwela kubakhi bezakhiwo ukuthi bakhethe ithusi kumaphrojekthi wokwakha amasha. I-Copper yaba ngeyokuqala (futhi kuze kube manje ingeyokugcina) indawo yensimbi elwa namagciwane egunyazwe yi-EPA. (Izinkampani embonini yesiliva zazama futhi zehluleka ukusho ukuthi yayiyi-antimicrobial, okwaholela ekuhlawulisweni kwe-EPA.) Amaqembu emboni ye-Copper abhalise ngaphezu kwama-alloys ethusi angu-400 ne-EPA kuze kube manje. “Sibonise i-copper-nickel ifana nethusi ekubulaleni amagciwane namagciwane,” usho kanje. Futhi i-nickel yethusi ayidingi ukubukeka njengecilongo elidala; ayihlukaniseki nensimbi engagqwali.
Ngokuqondene nazo zonke ezinye izakhiwo zomhlaba ezingakabuyekezwa ukuze kukhishwe izakhiwo zethusi ezindala, u-Keevil unocezu lweseluleko: “Ungawasusi, noma yini oyenzayo. Lezi yizinto ezinhle kakhulu onazo.”
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-25-2021